英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂

Leave the unknown alone

Jan/2: 從芝加哥悠游到紐奧良 From Chicago to New Orleans

美國內戰 Civil War：An appeal from the ballot to the bullet.

美國艱辛的建國之路

世界文明的起源

美國政黨發展史 The Development of Political Parties in the U.S.

Chicago is a huge city in northeastern Illinois that stretches along the southwest shore of Lake Michigan .

¨ In 1848, a shipping canal was completed through the old Indian portage. Chicago was thus linked with the Mississippi River system. Transportation soon became the city's major industry. But the canal played only a secondary role.

¨ Chicago's most spectacular achievement between 1848 and 1856 was the growth of its railroads.

¨ By 1856, Chicago had become the hub of 10 main railroad lines with about 3,000 miles of track.

the Great Chicago Fire

¨ As the world's lumber capital, Chicago was fittingly built almost entirely of wood. Houses, churches, stores, grain elevators, factories, and even streets were nearly all made of wood.

¨ In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed much of the city. But Chicagoans rebuilt their city with a daring that made it a center of world architecture.

¨ Chicago rose from the ruins of the fire and became one of the world's great cities.

¨ Chicago has dominated American architecture since the late 1800's. New styles and new construction techniques have first appeared in Chicago and then spread to other cities. Designers and engineers from around the world visit Chicago to study its spectacular buildings.

¨ Outstanding architects, including William Le Baron Jenney, Daniel H. Burnham, and Louis Sullivan, helped to rebuild Chicago . Their work produced a famous style of architecture that is known as the Chicago School .

¨ The great development of the Chicago School was the skyscraper. Architects stripped away the heavy walls of stone and brick that had supported tall buildings. Instead, they designed structures with steel skeletons, which allowed buildings to soar to great heights and yet look light and graceful.

¨ Jenney designed the 10-story Home Insurance Building , often considered the world's first metal-framed skyscraper.

¨ Frank Lloyd Wright, who developed the Prairie School of architecture, moved to Chicago in the 1880's.

Great Lakes

¨ Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron, Erie , and Ontario-the five Great Lakes-are the world's largest group of freshwater lakes. They contain 18 percent of the world's fresh surface water. The Great Lakes also form the most important inland waterway in North America . They were the chief route used by early explorers and settlers of the Midwestern States and Ontario . Later, the cheap transportation offered by the lakes turned this region into one of the great industrial areas in the United States and Canada .

¨ Of the five lakes, only Lake Michigan lies entirely within the United States . The other four lakes are shared by the United States and Canada , and form part of the boundary between the two countries.

How the lakes were formed

¨ In the last 2 million years, glaciers repeatedly advanced south over the land that is now the Great Lakes region. The glaciers were about 6,600 feet (2,000 meters) thick, and they dug out deep depressions and pushed along great amounts of earth and rocks during their advance.

¨ The last withdrawal, or melting, of the glaciers occurred about 11,000 to 15,000 years ago. Earth and rocks that had piled up blocked the natural drainage of the depressions. Water gradually filled in the depressions and formed thousands of lakes, including the Great Lakes .

Water routes to the sea

¨ One set of canals and locks is the St. Lawrence Seaway . The seaway extends about 450 miles (724 kilometers) from Montreal to the eastern end of Lake Erie . Its canals and locks enable oceangoing ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Superior .

¨ Smaller craft may reach the sea by two other routes. One is by the New York State Barge Canal System from Buffalo , N.Y. , to Albany , N.Y. , connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean .

¨ Another takes ships from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, through the Illinois River, and down the Mississippi River.

Mississippi River

¨ Mississippi River is one of the chief rivers of North America and the second longest river in the United States . Only the Missouri is longer.

¨ The Mississippi flows 2,340 miles from its source in northwestern Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico . The Mississippi and its tributaries drain almost all the plains that lie between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains .

¨ This drainage basin covers 1,247,300 square miles and includes the nation's most productive agricultural and industrial areas.

¨ The Mississippi is the nation's chief inland waterway. It carries agricultural goods, industrial products, and raw materials.

¨ The famous American author Mark Twain described the river vividly in his book Life on the Mississippi (1883).

¨ Two major tributaries, the Illinois River and the Missouri River, join the Mississippi above St. Louis .

¨ The Ohio River flows into the Mississippi at Cairo , Ill. , doubling the Mississippi 's volume of water. South of Cairo, the flood plain of the Mississippi forms a fertile valley.

¨ As the Mississippi approaches the Gulf of Mexico , it deposits large amounts of silt to form a delta. South of New Orleans, the river breaks up into several channels called distributaries, which enter the Gulf of Mexico .

¨ Pollution seriously threatens the wildlife of the Mississippi . Fertilizers and insecticides used on farms are washed into the river, and industries empty wastes into its waters.

¨ The importance of the river as a transportation and trade route increased with the development of steamboats in the early 1800's. Mississippi River cities, including St. Louis, Memphis , and New Orleans , served as supply centers for the westward movement.

New Orleans

¨ New Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana and one of the world's busiest ports.

¨ Many people call New Orleans America 's Most Interesting City . Nearly all the early African American residents of New Orleans came from Africa as slaves.

¨ They worked on farms and plantations in and near the city. In the early 1900's, African American musicians made New Orleans a world-famous center of jazz.

¨ The descendants of New Orleans 's early French and Spanish residents are known as Creoles. The term Creole comes from the Spanish word criollo, which means native to the place. The Creole influence is still strong in New Orleans .

¨ In 2005 New Orleans faced its largest challenge yet after Hurricane Katrina pummeled the Gulf Coast with Category 4 winds.

¨ Floodwaters inundated the city, rendering it uninhabitable. Mayor Ray Nagin said thousands may have died in the flooding and called for a complete evacuation.

¨ Meanwhile, engineers estimated it would take months to repair the broken levees and pump out the water. Rebuilding New Orleans was expected to take years.

the civil war (1861~1865)

¨ The question of whether to outlaw or allow slavery became an important political and social issue in the early 1800's.

¨ Through the years, a balance between the number of free states (states where slavery was prohibited) and slave states (those where it was allowed) had been sought.

¨ California applied for statehood in 1849. The application triggered debate over whether California should be admitted as a free state or a slave state.

¨ In the early 1860's, 11 Southern states seceded (withdraw) from the Union and established the Confederate States of America .

¨ The president election of 1860 also reflected the nation's division.

¨ The Republican unity helped Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, win the election on Nov. 6, 1860.

¨ Lincoln had earned a reputation as an opponent of slavery, and his election was unacceptable to the South.

¨ The Northerners, or Yankees (a name applied to the Northerners by U.S. Southerners) had superior financial and industrial strength, and a larger population than the Southerners.

¨ But the South fought valiantly to defend its cause. The South gained the upper hand at first, but the North gradually turned the tide.

¨ Finally, Confederate resistance wore down, and Union armies swept through the South. On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee-the commander of the Confederate Army-surrendered to the Union commander General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia .

¨ The war also took an emotional toll on the nation. The terrible bloodshed left a heritage of grief and bitterness that declined only slowly and, even today, has not fully disappeared.

¨ On Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. For his effort in freeing the slaves, Lincoln is known as the "Great Emancipator."

¨ And assassin John Wilkes Booth shot him on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next day, less than a week after Lee's surrender.

¨ In a fundamental sense, the Civil War may have been the greatest failure of American democracy. The war, in Lincoln 's words, was an "appeal from the ballot to the bullet."

Results of the civial war

¨ Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States . About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.

¨ Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with discouraging slowness.

¨ Moreover, the Civil War changed the ways of waging war. It has been called the first modern war.

¨ The Civil War introduced observation balloons, ironclad ships, mines, and submarines. Railroads and telegraphy were used for the first time in warfare.

¨ About 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War, almost as many as the combined American dead of all other wars from the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) through the Vietnam War (1957-1975).

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人文科学) ]3 O) c6 B: }/ n$ H
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1. World history（世界史）
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壹˙文明的起源 …………………………………………………… 6# h/ Z0 ~, T% i6 D( r5 z+ `- K1 n

( j7 y0 f- j2 a$ P) d; { 贰˙石器时代 …………………………………………………… 7
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参˙农业社会 …………………………………………………… 9
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肆˙文明的迁徙 …………………………………………………… 10 ; `5 j( o. G$ e! p! [/ I$ w

4 |7 F/ m# D- y; t 伍˙世界文明 …………………………………………………… 12
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2. America history（美国史Ⅰ）～ 政治与经济篇" q4 B3 b/ Y; U V) s+ ]

) C }! l9 o* c$ m1 @ 壹˙殖民时期 …………………………………………………… 63" F/ `) N8 u) h: A7 Y6 b

3 {8 e. d0 r- G# I/ k9 h0 }! r 贰˙独立战争 ～ 南北战争 …………………………………………………… 67
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; S% q0 L# r9 d# \! W1 ~ 参˙南北战争 ～ 西部大开发 ～ 大萧条时期 …………………………………………………… 74 k, p7 t* }' y% D
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肆˙大萧条之后的美国 …………………………………………………… 882 S/ N* L l- |, T

6 g+ G" Z$ {+ w. e 伍˙其他 …………………………………………………… 913 E8 M2 K2 i! q& T( ~
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3. America history（美国史Ⅱ）～ 都市、社会、文化与生活篇
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壹˙都市 …………………………………………………… 1188 w+ s1 {) u4 j9 C! R

/ A* F9 f a+ e/ l" [ 贰˙社会 …………………………………………………… 122
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参˙文化 …………………………………………………… 126
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肆˙生活 …………………………………………………… 129( g' w$ Y3 ?8 W) a( `: C+ ]% C

$ S: ?1 c! o+ F. `* {, X 伍˙其他 …………………………………………………… 132; A ^; A, D: t
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1 ?1 f; T) t$ G! E6 ? 4. Art（艺术）3 r% s) G/ L Z _7 l/ d0 y4 v
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壹˙手工艺 …………………………………………………… 152
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贰˙艺术派别 …………………………………………………… 168
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) [* ] Q+ @, b0 k. p) {0 s- t 参˙印地安人的艺术 …………………………………………………… 169
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8 L% @( _0 p9 c 肆˙各地的艺术发展 …………………………………………………… 1724 ~- w6 B+ [& |2 q

; K* M) {9 ]2 m1 j0 o) y! M 伍˙艺品鉴定 …………………………………………………… 177+ a$ r8 k6 p2 O5 Y N
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8 T& y. R( b+ o7 K$ ?0 R 5. Music（音乐）3 k3 s- t# O- E0 p8 q

* S6 f+ t/ c0 C& h9 r' r8 G9 F: O 壹˙音乐 …………………………………………………… 180
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$ n4 ` S5 H8 p9 R! I* t: X. _ 贰˙乐器 …………………………………………………… 187
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6. Dance（舞蹈） …………………………………………………… 193
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7. painting（绘画）8 R' n5 O% ^1 n+ a
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壹˙史前壁画 …………………………………………………… 2012 ~2 E# {7 H! S3 D* h
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贰˙古代画作 …………………………………………………… 204
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参˙近代绘画 …………………………………………………… 2055 ?) c7 l1 Q' O6 m% E

) e7 Q2 ^1 D' \, f5 j) q 肆˙现代绘画 …………………………………………………… 210& ?, A0 O' Z. k9 E, g& Y, C: _
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伍˙其他 …………………………………………………… 216' `3 C I: t! X& C

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4 Y' A4 [4 n7 v/ u8 ~6 p0 L ]5 t1 t 8. Theater（戏剧）
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壹˙剧场 …………………………………………………… 228
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" D, m0 ~" `" ?& k3 r2 |5 C 贰˙戏剧 …………………………………………………… 230
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9. Literature（文学）6 z+ ?4 ~7 k8 S6 {: U( L

8 N& b8 ]- J$ W+ U 壹˙文学 …………………………………………………… 237
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0 Q: O( M/ S# }0 E: c0 p. z* T 贰˙神话 …………………………………………………… 240: b" A% y9 U/ ?
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参˙诗 …………………………………………………… 240& Z* m8 P4 q6 \. {
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肆˙小说 …………………………………………………… 243& q4 Q* Y6 k# v
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10. Architecture（建筑）( W, f5 S/ E) F9 F9 M! s) ]; x9 ]
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壹˙古代建筑物 …………………………………………………… 264, X: I0 ]# x9 h/ B6 C) @! y) ~& T; [0 x

# }0 h. A$ A2 v1 ^) L+ s 贰˙美国建筑物 …………………………………………………… 2669 z1 _ J& T& j6 F* H3 ~

8 {( F0 Y; \! T# [+ o3 D; A 参˙摩天大楼 …………………………………………………… 275
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肆˙建筑材料 …………………………………………………… 278- A. f x) `' \& A W; D$ {; E

e7 U! C6 t( p' ` 伍˙家具 …………………………………………………… 280
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5 I) i/ r6 k& ^3 [8 w; j- f 陆˙城市建设 …………………………………………………… 285
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& r. `# O* S/ d/ j1 M 柒˙其他 …………………………………………………… 286- X. C, t. D8 L2 X- p" }9 b4 L
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社会科学) P: W# ~ n% P, n& f
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1. Anthropology（人类学）7 P/ Q; {5 {( }2 ?. a! n) j% P4 m

& K# D# @. Z( l 壹˙语言学 …………………………………………………… 295/ k% F6 j; u6 s2 z* r

& J6 x9 n7 ]3 L3 [0 [! z 贰˙考古学 …………………………………………………… 298
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参˙民族志学 …………………………………………………… 307
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2. Politics（政治学） …………………………………………………… 312 b& J0 B5 d; {; M" q

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' @- \! j/ W$ B( F6 y& C 3. Sociology（社会学） …………………………………………………… 319 0 Y3 g3 n3 ]- ?! [$ }
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* f7 e7 f. [# Q( o9 n( q6 D 4. Economics（经济学）
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壹˙总体经济运作 …………………………………………………… 320
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贰˙金融发展 …………………………………………………… 324
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参˙工业发展 …………………………………………………… 325
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肆˙都市发展 …………………………………………………… 328+ M F, e0 H N1 @' O
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伍˙企管与经营 …………………………………………………… 329
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3 V. K( c' m/ q0 W. t6 \. c+ d; b 5. Philosophy（哲学） …………………………………………………… 332- B/ J) R3 C/ \8 A0 W: O( C) S
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6. Communication（传播）
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壹˙传播的元素 …………………………………………………… 357! ?) q5 c1 _- h

, n0 |' I9 P0 N4 k: V& e- S 贰˙文字传播 …………………………………………………… 357% m" K& [ z9 g5 F7 K% } c9 c. o
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参˙影像传播 …………………………………………………… 370
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肆˙语音传播 …………………………………………………… 381
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) e2 C8 R5 S& a' G/ u. C; h, Y 7. Technology（科技与新事物）6 Z) m3 a' O3 C& Y$ j$ q2 A

' `" s" l1 t" d0 z 壹˙食 …………………………………………………… 3852 `- O2 W+ ^$ H. _6 E

* g, _$ c' Y1 ~* Z$ D) X 贰˙衣 …………………………………………………… 3863 G8 Y" A7 W! O3 I) T( [5 E- B

* B; v& _. ^ y: Q# b) Q# |' x 参˙行 …………………………………………………… 387
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1 q* o8 B' I4 ^( w2 x; y9 U 肆˙电脑 …………………………………………………… 390
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# B8 k$ V% b; _: A 伍˙化学材料 …………………………………………………… 391
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; d7 K E5 G3 q0 W; u; ~- { 陆˙其他 …………………………………………………… 393 7 v# V3 `" p `. H: j$ U
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自然科学. b! [' U$ R0 B4 l8 U3 M$ K
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1. Astronomy（天文学）
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- h6 O5 _, W/ @/ n- Y: } 壹˙宇宙的形成 …………………………………………………… 3981 {' c4 O4 O; q, j; }
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贰˙银河 …………………………………………………… 400
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' ~0 |/ T. ~- ?- R' p) ]0 D6 b 参˙星体的形成 …………………………………………………… 401
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( E# @2 l/ E. ~2 w0 J- g 肆˙太阳系 …………………………………………………… 402
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5 {$ ^9 J( u+ M4 f. ]% L 伍˙其他 …………………………………………………… 418
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/ G- t: ~9 t: r 2. Geology（地质学）
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}+ w0 k" @! r# W% k- z 壹˙地球初成 …………………………………………………… 436$ U, ?$ T- L: X. W4 i

' q3 i; k+ ?3 O( U! ~ 贰˙地壳变动 …………………………………………………… 437 1 v' o$ Q. i9 c5 \' G8 U

0 O% \/ B' b$ K% D 参˙矿石 …………………………………………………… 442
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肆˙定年 …………………………………………………… 452
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3. Geography（地理学）8 K8 V9 b8 Q0 o2 L8 B" c3 @
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壹˙地图 …………………………………………………… 465* N" X; ~" j. a2 u

: {1 n; ~# ]) |5 u* i& e3 x7 P9 I 贰˙沙漠 …………………………………………………… 4677 n, v- [: Y- D. g4 S) l- v
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参˙侵蚀运动 …………………………………………………… 470
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肆˙堆积运动 …………………………………………………… 4752 }% V9 e* d# l
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" ~: R( O! w: \+ I& O4 p& d) d5 S 4. Meteorology（气象学）
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! W$ { m' a9 E/ m 壹˙大气现象 …………………………………………………… 480$ O1 Z8 e/ l, J* g
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贰˙水 …………………………………………………… 4920 [6 i5 H5 S7 F4 u( Y+ B5 M, {
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参˙气候研究 …………………………………………………… 501; ]1 Y! P9 D0 p6 P S
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5. Oceanography（海洋学）
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壹˙水 …………………………………………………… 5098 h5 f1 R2 z$ R

& `3 R% r2 X* M( N, I 贰˙海流 …………………………………………………… 512
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参˙海洋生态 …………………………………………………… 514) |1 [2 Y, H, _; L+ f% P

3 S: [! ^; ?$ K- K' Z! k- z 肆˙海洋探测 …………………………………………………… 516' X' T5 o9 s5 H o+ P
! w+ u5 x! B, R$ X
伍˙水力发电 …………………………………………………… 517
I$ _/ u& b; |- D0 }3 |# W, q/ P- ?; w
/ K1 [; L% y" ]! N, B3 C 陆˙海洋养殖 …………………………………………………… 5205 W; k' x" P5 G2 ~6 N d/ X

% g0 o* M- m! }7 E2 H: L |- l! c0 f 柒˙水源污染 …………………………………………………… 522
* j+ a) d8 W; n; @$ L
; K4 i" F- A- ~; r& F3 p ! P, n& R0 x& E# }" P$ ^/ k
& Y* L( {- n3 I8 Z& I
6. Physics（物理学）
3 @; t1 @7 U# X8 z9 \7 x
5 j! f; H5 f* L" [2 f0 ?0 g" d8 P 壹˙力学 …………………………………………………… 529
* A* R2 e; {" y
, L( u' [' I( e' h( q 贰˙热学 …………………………………………………… 531
6 E- I4 p/ t1 K
% p- e. X+ P) a( x" I9 v% [# Y9 K% ? U 参˙光学 …………………………………………………… 532% ^# N+ [( A/ {( [9 U4 }

, @6 I% w2 W k/ Z! c1 X 肆˙电与磁 …………………………………………………… 533$ W& I8 O5 C' K, Y
! d3 v5 e3 h( ~9 s
伍˙声音 …………………………………………………… 535
9 V" A1 O7 V. {6 i: | ?! L7 w6 _
. e6 Y! c. s7 p" e; B 陆˙其他物理学研究 …………………………………………………… 536' C& y/ |# }6 R
) m9 D. h! \% h
. |5 C/ r, s% w9 H; f9 \
% @! c" m+ A. N
7. Chemistry（化学）. Y6 S8 \% b$ S/ W/ q. m) L, Q

( n0 r& _1 U8 {" o; Z: k& i 壹˙科学研究 …………………………………………………… 5441 {, S) Q3 M% |& q$ A w

5 R# s4 J: k/ m1 j! |7 o 贰˙元素 …………………………………………………… 544
" K8 |$ z3 p5 m U( {+ \) n& K% w! Z
参˙能源 …………………………………………………… 546
* |. Q5 S% _! Q* s' ~' ]
% |) y. Y, z: L4 @& |6 S 肆˙其他 …………………………………………………… 549 O. Z6 |) \ [' ?. A" o7 `
! g) Z6 b4 B9 u( ~- z

" w; b; J& V: R9 p) _) M r0 `, Q" _& Y) B- x/ D8 _
8. Mathematics＆Logic（数学与逻辑学）5 G$ o9 l6 D9 x3 H' q/ Q

8 _4 i$ U, ^* }9 h {0 \# \' { z4 d 壹˙数学 …………………………………………………… 553# {! I4 r3 f7 P" k! [

, [1 G& Q8 J' q4 E$ X" l 贰˙逻辑 …………………………………………………… 556
5 T# s2 g1 `" j6 a: c
- P, m" e. U; U9 g$ x ! _- C4 {' h- b0 K+ o0 N% t" Y

9 r7 ?# Z* Z& Z # d* H$ t2 M/ c

# n+ N; j$ s8 h3 g Q5 p生物科学9 |3 Q- T" d: h
' a# H7 @6 L- g( Q' r+ ~$ i
1. Biology（生物学） …………………………………………………… 559$ k0 G4 |# _) h( _/ i9 r( p
8 R e' v9 s& T5 V

2 I, c' P1 J+ B6 S' M p+ {9 R; q% l5 @0 S) _
2. Ecology（生态学）
6 b$ }" }5 I% s, G
3 A9 V" U j: O$ B9 t- N 壹˙生态 …………………………………………………… 5691 }2 F3 A3 i; j4 c+ @6 @7 ]
8 x( a( G+ b" C Y* B5 P6 J8 n
贰˙生态污染与破坏 …………………………………………………… 569% F* @' J3 U( A- i4 d- i

' E+ m. V4 C5 _: D* L' P- f 参˙生态保育 …………………………………………………… 579- u/ ^8 w$ T* M
7 n$ B: u) R& u- m0 Z$ Z% w9 W8 r) [
肆˙森林 …………………………………………………… 582
6 S6 l3 x4 {- o9 E3 m" X2 t6 ~1 m/ u$ y. a6 z
伍˙农业 …………………………………………………… 586
4 b$ _( k2 F) T7 _% ^$ n; E! O& `4 ?" l7 i9 J
陆˙其他 …………………………………………………… 5876 t3 @9 N) E8 j" `$ [8 D$ x
3 X+ A! a. g* z7 V+ C

! g# k2 p9 ]( G8 f, I/ s5 r: R& r* S
3. Molecular Biology（分子生物学）1 p @& M7 U5 c8 f" S

6 M* ^- }+ R# e- W9 D 壹˙细胞 …………………………………………………… 594
- w+ i, S4 N: P3 n |% R; u6 Y' K. w4 t7 b, k, m
贰˙遗传 …………………………………………………… 595
( r0 r6 l6 r$ J! y: A
, e$ H* m3 J% g/ M* {5 C 参˙细菌、微生物 …………………………………………………… 597
7 f" d- d( T# h2 b/ x8 Q/ v) g! K9 P9 }2 b5 v S# F; O0 s# b! I
　2 o, d5 `1 p4 ?9 x/ s1 u: R" T! R( `
4 d5 F: m$ ~: X, O9 G
4. Evolution（演化）
A! w# ?' e0 C2 T$ j5 N
7 B- n3 W2 l! q1 D8 J( i a 壹˙生物进化 …………………………………………………… 6056 J1 `) y$ `! E, L) R' Z

- P* d! S, ?' t 贰˙物种灭绝 …………………………………………………… 612- e3 B# n% {" H( f/ z# n( a
+ J; K6 F/ K; W
! ^6 s$ v# x4 K- I
" B) r9 N3 j' f6 p8 a
5. Human Body（人体） …………………………………………………… 619, X ^+ {8 P- F# k& i

! ], U9 [3 ^$ J 8 p% Z7 K* R9 n; K' Y! E& }
) y1 K$ ?8 x& L/ E" j8 M4 B/ n& q. z
6. Human＆Disease（人类与疾病）' n/ G. b8 A; |6 R3 K3 ?

* z; E; S+ {( A( A1 C7 q 壹˙人体运作 …………………………………………………… 629! |& q/ R' V* R4 G

# y- K1 c; O) a; t& D* {% w8 w 贰˙疾病 …………………………………………………… 633
& \ ]+ ?8 W% C4 x4 m) h
% y' o& j2 O. q) S3 ? * D8 Y7 h3 C; @2 S
; l, D8 i$ G: e7 m& o
7. Psychology（心里学）# K5 R: o4 w) ?
9 }; ^ }+ Q; i! ~ K
壹˙心理学研究方法 …………………………………………………… 643
6 T# x# [% m9 m6 {
% f, i3 n! u8 q 贰˙教育、学习 …………………………………………………… 644
0 L" l$ h1 Q/ u- M4 t0 v; _2 E' w( p
参˙儿童 …………………………………………………… 646* r% M' K7 `8 G3 g

* Y9 Y0 P! E ? 肆˙色彩心理学 …………………………………………………… 653! h$ i+ `- [4 P1 m2 Z

4 B9 O& L+ I4 A- k4 D! ^- E, Q9 z 伍˙团体心理学 …………………………………………………… 6535 X0 h% r# B) l6 X* ~7 O
x* e9 \; l2 s6 G/ C" M1 o
陆˙其他 …………………………………………………… 656: L" D. A" D; m }/ k; @5 g
8 o: ^7 u" @4 N" b( j

6 C/ h6 s& u) N' f" e- V. b
$ X" J! `! B& _ X+ [5 e 8. Botany（植物学）
' j @: I5 G- u+ X0 A7 Q! C4 z9 M7 C# \4 Q* B
壹˙植物的构造与作用 …………………………………………………… 670 0 a9 l) A4 X& v9 j. G9 I
( ]' f I; ?, S
贰˙各种植物 …………………………………………………… 679
1 I( I$ I6 ^" Y, ^3 q w1 C, G
% `0 ?% ^3 Z8 k3 g7 q8 [* y1 R' A! J
% x9 e* F: t. g: ^6 i" J" N3 i
. z7 m7 E( A( m% B4 m3 U4 z; K7 U5 } 9. Zoology（动物学）
6 d. O9 Q& p, I4 M1 M' m
0 p6 w' w7 F' z3 W+ N$ E1 I3 Z U c' [ 壹˙动物行为 …………………………………………………… 691
w7 {+ E* ^2 Z- |9 x) h; T* P0 ~! c6 A0 o
贰˙鸟类 …………………………………………………… 698: `" _$ G. q0 ?3 R P8 Q& e3 {8 n: I5 y5 G+ f

* T3 q+ y2 c/ U* ~ 参˙哺乳类 …………………………………………………… 713
) v+ h) X7 [8 u! F. b- Q% o
7 q! S- O' h, D' k 肆˙两栖与爬虫类 …………………………………………………… 717 ( a+ W' q9 u/ }7 t$ O3 q% c6 w

4 q, [ g+ [) O% Z& t2 l# C) y 伍˙节肢动物 …………………………………………………… 720# a I3 p8 ?( M4 S' ?6 F4 ?

$ Y; _9 ` y, f1 n w/ @ 陆˙古生物与其他 …………………………………………………… 724
' W p' j# H6 e
- ?1 W( |7 n3 x8 y
6 k( E g* z: a
" h- \& t* x4 O) H/ q0 m 10. Marine Biology（海洋生物学）
* j9 f5 I4 N- Q7 l% a* b- ]0 H# K/ I6 `- y: Q0 ~7 h. Y
壹˙海洋生物行为 …………………………………………………… 731 # W7 }) D2 [0 `
& t9 @8 T8 M: }
贰˙海洋哺乳类 …………………………………………………… 7341 _5 a0 q7 m0 O" i# E& x
) l2 b& Y0 P' |) N0 ^
参˙鱼类 …………………………………………………… 737! j. f5 Q5 G9 Q* \" {& H
1 {+ f: R* Y4 R' C
肆˙软体动物 …………………………………………………… 740
' T) w1 m$ `6 {4 h. ~
8 W# t: p. N" P. r7 f 伍˙腔肠动物与其他 …………………………………………………… 742
) o6 C1 U2 u1 V' Y; |( }3 ^" c; M! V, P/ ~; k- Q
' ]! I5 x+ c) E, B

4 F+ M" k5 a( y2 B: ~ 11. Entomology（昆虫学）
2 r7 c5 E- S* E
- p; b* E6 D' h1 c# L 壹˙昆虫的行为 …………………………………………………… 753; O6 Z# \2 `; t1 E) ~, R; z

* H7 F# ?7 P- u+ j* i8 L2 \ 贰˙蚁类 …………………………………………………… 755
% I) g. i7 F5 t8 J0 [8 x
/ t6 w/ M. ^ Z. @% w2 V 参˙蝴蝶与蛾 …………………………………………………… 758 # B! f! r% V7 U
7 F8 S+ r, P$ `: F, c: U
肆˙蜂 …………………………………………………… 760% {) h- u0 P1 ]1 M& k
3 d5 y7 ^3 s7 N3 w
伍˙其他昆虫 …………………………………………………… 763 2 p2 w: _; ]) b3 A3 w7 C, m! {
5 u$ q3 @# A" ~1 e
7 o0 e3 p6 b4 a7 ^! s
9 |" J9 b" F$ v* \& i! j
托福笔考单字 …………………………………………………… 772
+ b3 Q, [6 h# y& K9 j5 `4 j; l, q! r, ~; m" {1 `
! j$ Q i R! {7 R! j8 L6 F' a( x) N Z4 q6 |- m& u* n
机考托福单字 …………………………………………………… 8489 [& X0 z& L$ [" A* {
6 @5 R- U1 v: Q, T3 {